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Next-generation high throughput sequencing technologies became available at the onset of the 21st century. They provide a highly efficient, rapid, and low cost DNA sequencing platform beyond the reach of the standard and traditional DNA sequencing technologies developed in the late s.
They are continually improved to become faster, more efficient and cheaper. They have been used in many fields of biology since It is expected that NGS will play very significant roles in many research and non-research areas of plant virology.
Next-generation high throughput, deep sequencing NGS has been developed in recent years. These technologies have lowered the costs of DNA sequencing beyond what is possible with standard dye-terminator methods. NGS describes platforms that produce large amounts typically millions to billions of DNA reads, with lengths between 25 and bp. These reads are shorter than the traditional Sanger sequence reads to bp. Robert Holley, an American biochemist, was the first to sequence a nucleic acid when he and colleagues developed sequencing methods for tRNA in and [ 2 , 3 ].
He determined the complete sequence and structure of the 77 ribonucleotides of alanine tRNA, the molecule that incorporates the amino acid alanine into protein. Prior to this, the only accessible samples for sequencing were from phages or virus DNA. Also, his discovery led to the development of the modern genetic engineering. In , the first nucleotide sequence of 24 bp out of 27 bp of the lac operator DNA was published [ 8 ].
