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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Biological differences between men and women contribute to many sex-specific illnesses and disorders. Historically, it was argued that such differences were largely, if not exclusively, due to gonadal hormone secretions.
However, emerging research has shown that some differences are mediated by mechanisms other than the action of these hormone secretions and in particular by products of genes located on the X and Y chromosomes, which we refer to as direct genetic effects. This paper reviews the evidence for direct genetic effects in behavioral and brain sex differences. We also discuss novel research being done on unique populations including people attracted to the same sex and people with a cross-gender identity.
As science continues to advance our understanding of biological sex differences, a new field is emerging that is aimed at better addressing the needs of both sexes: gender-based biology and medicine. Ultimately, the study of the biological basis for sex differences will improve healthcare for both men and women.
Keywords: Sexual differentiation, brain anatomy, sex differences, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex chromosomes, SRY, dopamine, behavior. Men and women are different in many ways. These differences include both biological phenotypes [e. Some of these differences are influenced by environmental factors [ 3 ; 4 ].
Yet, there are fundamental differences between the sexes that are rooted in biology. Of particular interest are sex differences that have been identified in the brain. Although the brains of men and women are highly similar, they show consistent differences that have important implications for each sex. That is, brain sex differences uniquely affect biochemical processes, may contribute to the susceptibility to specific diseases, and may influence specific behaviors.